SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY
Essential Doctrines of Christianity
Essential Doctrines of Christianity
The Bible God Works of God Angels Humans Sin Salvation Christ Holy Spirit Church End Times Afterlife
HOLY SPIRIT:
The person of the Holy SPirit
THE PERSON OF THE HOLY SPIRIT – The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity and is fully divine.
- The Holy Spirit seems to be the most difficult person in the Bible to grasp. In fact, not many actually think of the Spirit as a person. He is sometimes viewed as a force or perhaps the power of God. While the Spirit is all-powerful and fills with power, He is more than mere power. He is the third person of the Trinity. One of the ways that we know the Holy Spirit is a person and not a force is because, well, you can’t lie to gravity, yet we are told in the book of Acts that Ananias lied to the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:3). It also becomes clear from that incident in Acts that the Holy Spirit is God (Acts 5:3-4). Keep in mind that there is only one God who exists in three persons. While the Spirit is distinct from the Father and the Son (Luke 3:22), the three are unified as well. The Spirit is the Counselor who is sent by the Father in the name of the Son (John 14:26). He is indistinguishable from the Spirit of Jesus such that Jesus breathed on his disciples and told them to receive the Holy Spirit (John 20:22), and it is the Holy Spirit who fulfills the promise that Jesus made when He said that He would be with us until the end of the age (Matt 28:19-20).
- The Holy Spirit seems to be the most difficult person in the Bible to grasp. In fact, not many actually think of the Spirit as a person. He is sometimes viewed as a force or perhaps the power of God. While the Spirit is all-powerful and fills with power, He is more than mere power. He is the third person of the Trinity. One of the ways that we know the Holy Spirit is a person and not a force is because, well, you can’t lie to gravity, yet we are told in the book of Acts that Ananias lied to the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:3). It also becomes clear from that incident in Acts that the Holy Spirit is God (Acts 5:3-4). Keep in mind that there is only one God who exists in three persons. While the Spirit is distinct from the Father and the Son (Luke 3:22), the three are unified as well. The Spirit is the Counselor who is sent by the Father in the name of the Son (John 14:26). He is indistinguishable from the Spirit of Jesus such that Jesus breathed on his disciples and told them to receive the Holy Spirit (John 20:22), and it is the Holy Spirit who fulfills the promise that Jesus made when He said that He would be with us until the end of the age (Matt 28:19-20).
The works of the Holy Spirit
THE WORKS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT – The Holy Spirit manifests God’s presence in the world, convicts the world of sin, and applies redemption to and empowers believers.
- In the Old Testament, the Spirit of God is shown to manifest God’s presence in creation (Gen 1:1; Ps 139:7). The Spirit brings life and renewal (Ps 104:30). The Spirit was at work in the midst of the people of God (Is 63:10-14). The Spirit did not permanently indwell people as in the New Covenant, but did equip people and groups for specific tasks including building the Tabernacle (Ex 31:1-4) and Temple (Zech 4:6), leading God’s people (Num 11:16-17; 27:18; Judges 3:10; 6:34; 11:29; 14:6, 19; 1 Sam 10:6; 16:13); and prophesying God’s words (Num 11:26; Hos 9:7; Micah 3:8). The Spirit was not guaranteed to stay if the person acted in disobedience (1 Sam 16:14; Judges 13:25 cf. 16:20; Ps 51:11). The permanent indwelling of the Holy Spirit was only to come after Jesus’ resurrection and ascension (John 7:39; 14:17; 16:7). In the OT, there are several prophecies related to what the role of the Holy Spirit would be in the New Covenant. The Spirit would be poured out on Israel (Ezek 39:25-29; Is 44:1-5) and on all flesh (Joel 2:28 cf. Acts 2:16ff.). The Spirit would renew, bring life, and cause people to follow God’s laws from their hearts (Ez 36:26-27; 37:14; Jer 31:33 cf. Rom 8:1-11; 2 Cor 3:1-6). And the Spirit would rest on the Messiah (Is 11:1-2; 42:1 cf. Luke 3:22; Is 61:1 cf. Luke 7:20-22).
- In the New Testament, the Holy Spirit convicts the world of sin (John 16:8), showing us our need for a Savior. He then reveals the truth of the Gospel of Jesus Christ (Eph 3:5). For those who repent and believe in Jesus, the Spirit becomes the greatest gift that could ever be received (Luke 11:13, Acts 2:38). The Spirit comes into our hearts (Gal 4:6) and washes (Titus 3:5) us clean, removing the stain of every past, present, and future sin. He justifies (1 Cor 6:11) us. The holy and perfect Judge of the universe now sees us as perfect because of the righteousness of Jesus imparted to us by the Spirit. The Spirit sanctifies (1 Cor 6:11) us. He sets us apart as children of God who are to live lives that are holy and pleasing to God. The Spirit renews (Titus 3:5), and gives new life (Rom 8:11). He gives us a new kind of life, eternal life (John 3). He seals (Eph 1:13, 4:30) us as a sign that we have been accepted by God (Acts 15:8). The Spirit’s presence in our hearts is a guarantee (2 Cor 5:5), calling out to us that we are children of God who will never fall from His hands (Gal 4:6). But while we can’t fall from his grasp, we can stray from His plan. Even Christians are able to resist or grieve the Spirit (Eph 4:30) as we could any other person. But we are called to strive to keep in step with the Spirit (Gal 5:25). When we live by the Spirit, He will be our counselor and teacher (John 14:26). He will search our hearts and help us to pray (Rom 8:26). He will fill us with joy (1 Thess 1:6; Luke 10:21), fill us with hope (Rom 15:13), fill us with peace (Rom 8:16; 14:17), fill us with love (Rom 5:5), and fill us with power (Acts 1:8) so that we are able to live the life that God has called us to live, a life that is sanctified, a life that is a witness to Jesus Christ. The Spirit commissions us (Acts 1:8; 13:4). He sends us out to fulfill the purpose of our lives. He even sent out Jesus (Luke 4:1). He gives spiritual gifts to be used by each one whose body has become His temple (1 Cor 6:19). He gives at least one gift to each and every Christian. Each gift is given for the purpose of beings used for the common good (1 Cor 12:7). Those who live by the Spirit will put their gifts to use and they will yield the fruit of love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness and life (Gal 5:22; Rom 8:6).
- In the Old Testament, the Spirit of God is shown to manifest God’s presence in creation (Gen 1:1; Ps 139:7). The Spirit brings life and renewal (Ps 104:30). The Spirit was at work in the midst of the people of God (Is 63:10-14). The Spirit did not permanently indwell people as in the New Covenant, but did equip people and groups for specific tasks including building the Tabernacle (Ex 31:1-4) and Temple (Zech 4:6), leading God’s people (Num 11:16-17; 27:18; Judges 3:10; 6:34; 11:29; 14:6, 19; 1 Sam 10:6; 16:13); and prophesying God’s words (Num 11:26; Hos 9:7; Micah 3:8). The Spirit was not guaranteed to stay if the person acted in disobedience (1 Sam 16:14; Judges 13:25 cf. 16:20; Ps 51:11). The permanent indwelling of the Holy Spirit was only to come after Jesus’ resurrection and ascension (John 7:39; 14:17; 16:7). In the OT, there are several prophecies related to what the role of the Holy Spirit would be in the New Covenant. The Spirit would be poured out on Israel (Ezek 39:25-29; Is 44:1-5) and on all flesh (Joel 2:28 cf. Acts 2:16ff.). The Spirit would renew, bring life, and cause people to follow God’s laws from their hearts (Ez 36:26-27; 37:14; Jer 31:33 cf. Rom 8:1-11; 2 Cor 3:1-6). And the Spirit would rest on the Messiah (Is 11:1-2; 42:1 cf. Luke 3:22; Is 61:1 cf. Luke 7:20-22).
- In the New Testament, the Holy Spirit convicts the world of sin (John 16:8), showing us our need for a Savior. He then reveals the truth of the Gospel of Jesus Christ (Eph 3:5). For those who repent and believe in Jesus, the Spirit becomes the greatest gift that could ever be received (Luke 11:13, Acts 2:38). The Spirit comes into our hearts (Gal 4:6) and washes (Titus 3:5) us clean, removing the stain of every past, present, and future sin. He justifies (1 Cor 6:11) us. The holy and perfect Judge of the universe now sees us as perfect because of the righteousness of Jesus imparted to us by the Spirit. The Spirit sanctifies (1 Cor 6:11) us. He sets us apart as children of God who are to live lives that are holy and pleasing to God. The Spirit renews (Titus 3:5), and gives new life (Rom 8:11). He gives us a new kind of life, eternal life (John 3). He seals (Eph 1:13, 4:30) us as a sign that we have been accepted by God (Acts 15:8). The Spirit’s presence in our hearts is a guarantee (2 Cor 5:5), calling out to us that we are children of God who will never fall from His hands (Gal 4:6). But while we can’t fall from his grasp, we can stray from His plan. Even Christians are able to resist or grieve the Spirit (Eph 4:30) as we could any other person. But we are called to strive to keep in step with the Spirit (Gal 5:25). When we live by the Spirit, He will be our counselor and teacher (John 14:26). He will search our hearts and help us to pray (Rom 8:26). He will fill us with joy (1 Thess 1:6; Luke 10:21), fill us with hope (Rom 15:13), fill us with peace (Rom 8:16; 14:17), fill us with love (Rom 5:5), and fill us with power (Acts 1:8) so that we are able to live the life that God has called us to live, a life that is sanctified, a life that is a witness to Jesus Christ. The Spirit commissions us (Acts 1:8; 13:4). He sends us out to fulfill the purpose of our lives. He even sent out Jesus (Luke 4:1). He gives spiritual gifts to be used by each one whose body has become His temple (1 Cor 6:19). He gives at least one gift to each and every Christian. Each gift is given for the purpose of beings used for the common good (1 Cor 12:7). Those who live by the Spirit will put their gifts to use and they will yield the fruit of love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness and life (Gal 5:22; Rom 8:6).
Gifts of the Holy Spirit
GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT - The special working of the Spirit through an individual as he or she performs a particular type of service to the Church (1 Cor 12; Rom 12; Eph 4:4-16; 1 Peter 4:10-11).
- There are several different words that are used to describe the gifts of the Spirit. The term “Spirituals” or “Spiritual things” (1 Cor 12:1), makes clear that the gifts are of the Spirit. The term “Charisma” (1 Cor 12:4; Rom 12:6; 1 Peter 4:10), which means “grace” helps to show that the gifts are freely given by God according to his grace and sovereign will (cf. Heb 2:4). The term “service” (1 Cor 12:5) helps to show that the gifts are for the purpose of serving others and building up the church (cf. 1 Peter 4:10; 1 Cor 12:7; Eph 4:4-16; 1 Cor 14:12; 17-19, 26, 31). The terms “Operations” and “workings” (1 Cor 12:6) and the term “manifestations” (1 Cor 12:7), which means “to make visible” or “to display,” shows that the gifts are not just dropped off by the Spirit to be used however the recipient pleases. They are not like natural talents that can be used for good or evil. The words seem to suggest that when a person engages in a particular activity, the Holy Spirit manifests himself and works through the person in a special way. The emphasis is on the working of the Spirit and not on a gift of the individual. The gifts of the Spirit are meant to unite through diversity, there is one Spirit, and many gifts (1 Cor 12:4-6; Rom 12:3-6).
- There are several different words that are used to describe the gifts of the Spirit. The term “Spirituals” or “Spiritual things” (1 Cor 12:1), makes clear that the gifts are of the Spirit. The term “Charisma” (1 Cor 12:4; Rom 12:6; 1 Peter 4:10), which means “grace” helps to show that the gifts are freely given by God according to his grace and sovereign will (cf. Heb 2:4). The term “service” (1 Cor 12:5) helps to show that the gifts are for the purpose of serving others and building up the church (cf. 1 Peter 4:10; 1 Cor 12:7; Eph 4:4-16; 1 Cor 14:12; 17-19, 26, 31). The terms “Operations” and “workings” (1 Cor 12:6) and the term “manifestations” (1 Cor 12:7), which means “to make visible” or “to display,” shows that the gifts are not just dropped off by the Spirit to be used however the recipient pleases. They are not like natural talents that can be used for good or evil. The words seem to suggest that when a person engages in a particular activity, the Holy Spirit manifests himself and works through the person in a special way. The emphasis is on the working of the Spirit and not on a gift of the individual. The gifts of the Spirit are meant to unite through diversity, there is one Spirit, and many gifts (1 Cor 12:4-6; Rom 12:3-6).
Spiritual gifts list...
SPIRITUAL GIFTS LIST – The following gifts are listed in Scripture, but it may not be an exhaustive list of Spiritual gifts since no two lists of gifts are the same in Scripture.
(1) Words of wisdom
(1) WORD OF WISDOM (1 Cor 12:8-10) – Giving wise council in difficult situations.
(2) Words of knowledge
(2) WORD OF KNOWLEDGE (1 Cor 12:8-10) – Using knowledge to bless others with good advice.
(3) Faith
(3) FAITH (1 Cor 12:8-10) - Stepping out and trusting God in incredible ways.
- Note that all Christians are to have faith (Heb 11:6; Gal 3:24-26; Rom 5:1ff).
- Knowing that the extent of our faith can be a gift should cause us to not think either too highly of or lowly of ourselves (Rom 12:3, 6).
- Note that all Christians are to have faith (Heb 11:6; Gal 3:24-26; Rom 5:1ff).
- Knowing that the extent of our faith can be a gift should cause us to not think either too highly of or lowly of ourselves (Rom 12:3, 6).
(4) Gifts of healings
(4) GIFTS OF HEALINGS (1 Cor 12:8-10, 28) – Being used by the Spirit to help bring healing to people.
- Just as the gift of evangelism does not mean that every person who is spoken to gets saved, neither does everyone who is prayed over by someone with the gifts of healings get healed. Even with Jesus, healing would often be based on the sick person’s desire (John 5:6) and faith (Luke 8:48) to be healed. Jesus, however, did have the ability to heal all who came to him (Luke 4:40).
- The Bible makes clear that God will not answer all prayers for healing even when there is great faith (2 Cor 12:7-10 cf. 2 Tim 4:20).
- Note that the Bible endorses the use of medicines (1 Tim 5:23; 2 Kings 20:7). There is a danger in seeking only miraculous healing and not medicine, if it is available. It seems akin to putting God to the test (see Luke 4:9-12). There is also a danger in seeking only medicine and not miraculous healing (2 Chron 16:12-13; Luke 8:43-44).
- Just as the gift of evangelism does not mean that every person who is spoken to gets saved, neither does everyone who is prayed over by someone with the gifts of healings get healed. Even with Jesus, healing would often be based on the sick person’s desire (John 5:6) and faith (Luke 8:48) to be healed. Jesus, however, did have the ability to heal all who came to him (Luke 4:40).
- The Bible makes clear that God will not answer all prayers for healing even when there is great faith (2 Cor 12:7-10 cf. 2 Tim 4:20).
- Note that the Bible endorses the use of medicines (1 Tim 5:23; 2 Kings 20:7). There is a danger in seeking only miraculous healing and not medicine, if it is available. It seems akin to putting God to the test (see Luke 4:9-12). There is also a danger in seeking only medicine and not miraculous healing (2 Chron 16:12-13; Luke 8:43-44).
(5) Effecting of Miracles
(5) EFFECTING OF MIRACLES (1 Cor 12:8-10, 28) – Being used by the Spirit to demonstrate God’s miraculous power.
- Early on in the church there was an extraordinary concentration of miracles (Gal 3:5), especially surrounding the Apostles like Peter (Acts 5:12–15; 9:36–42) and Paul (Acts 19:11-12; 20:9-12; 28:3-5). Miracles were happening through Stephen (Acts 6:8) and around Philip (Acts 8:13, 39-40). Angels were breaking believers out of jail (Acts 5:18–20; 12:5–10; 16:23–30). There was even the demonstration of power in judgment (Acts 5:1-11; Acts 13:9-12).
- This concentration of miracles and the clear working of the Holy Spirit through the gifts of the Spirit acted as signs pointing to Jesus Christ and confirming the truth of the gospel (Heb 2:4 cf. Acts 2:43). Jesus himself authenticated his gospel through miracles/signs/wonders (Acts 2:22).
- During this time period, this initial stage of the confirmation and spread of the gospel there was a special need to authenticate the gospel through signs and miracles. That same need may not exist today, but God can and does still work miracles according to his will. We should have caution, though, today when there are claims of miracles. It is important to keep in mind that miraculous events were meant to be signs to point people toward Jesus Christ and the truth of the gospel. Miracles were not meant to bring fame or glory to the one performing the miracle (Acts 3:12-13). Note also that we have been warned that false christs will come and perform miracles (Matt 24:24), and so we must test the teachings and the fruit of those who seem to perform miracles.
- Early on in the church there was an extraordinary concentration of miracles (Gal 3:5), especially surrounding the Apostles like Peter (Acts 5:12–15; 9:36–42) and Paul (Acts 19:11-12; 20:9-12; 28:3-5). Miracles were happening through Stephen (Acts 6:8) and around Philip (Acts 8:13, 39-40). Angels were breaking believers out of jail (Acts 5:18–20; 12:5–10; 16:23–30). There was even the demonstration of power in judgment (Acts 5:1-11; Acts 13:9-12).
- This concentration of miracles and the clear working of the Holy Spirit through the gifts of the Spirit acted as signs pointing to Jesus Christ and confirming the truth of the gospel (Heb 2:4 cf. Acts 2:43). Jesus himself authenticated his gospel through miracles/signs/wonders (Acts 2:22).
- During this time period, this initial stage of the confirmation and spread of the gospel there was a special need to authenticate the gospel through signs and miracles. That same need may not exist today, but God can and does still work miracles according to his will. We should have caution, though, today when there are claims of miracles. It is important to keep in mind that miraculous events were meant to be signs to point people toward Jesus Christ and the truth of the gospel. Miracles were not meant to bring fame or glory to the one performing the miracle (Acts 3:12-13). Note also that we have been warned that false christs will come and perform miracles (Matt 24:24), and so we must test the teachings and the fruit of those who seem to perform miracles.
(6) New Testament prophecy
(6) NEW TESTAMENT PROPHECY (1 Cor 12:8-10, 28; Rom 12:6-8; Eph 4:11; 1 Peter 4:11) – Sharing with others a message from God.
- God could use visions or dreams to reveal things to those with the gift of prophecy (Acts 2:17 cf. Joel 2:28-32).
- NT prophecy would sometimes involve predictions about the future (Acts 11:28; 21:11).
- The revelation to a NT prophet is from God, but the reporting of the prophecy is from the person with the gift of prophecy. God reveals truth to the NT prophet but does not necessarily superintend the words of the prophet to the point where you could say that the words were God breathed in a way that would be on par with Scripture. Those who wrote God’s very words in the NT are referred to as Apostles (2 Peter 3:2, 14-16; Gal 1:11-12; 1 Thess 2:13; 4:1-8, 15) and not prophets. To claim authority, Paul and Peter did not claim the title of prophet, but rather Apostle (Gal 1:1; Rom 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1-2; 2 Cor 1:1; 12:1-2; Eph 1:1; 1 Peter 1:1). Paul claimed authority greater than the prophets of Corinth (1 Cor 14:37-39).
- The test of whether a prophecy is from God or not in the NT is not whether or not it comes true or conveys supernatural information, but whether or not it aligns with Scripture (Matt 24:24; 1 John 4:1-6). Scripture has a higher level of authority than the prophecy (1 Thess 5:19-21). Scripture was the final source of correction and guidance and not the words of the prophets within the churches (2 Tim 2:15; 3:16). The words of those with the gift of prophecy were also to be tested and weighed by others with the gift of prophecy (1 Cor 14:29-33).
- An example of prophecy could be that God revealed to the person with the gift of prophecy that a man was planning on abandoning his family, and so the prophet tells the person that he believes God has placed a word on his heart to tell him not to abandon his family. The person with the gift of prophecy is not adding anything to Scripture. If the person with the gift of prophecy were to say the reverse and say that God told him to abandon his family, then that could be checked against Scripture and shown to be not from God. The fact that the man would hear those words when there was no way for the prophet to know his personal situation could have an important impact on his life, and be a sign to both believers and not-yet-believers (1 Cor 14:23).
- Prophecy is to be desired (1 Cor 14:1, 5, 24, 25, 39), and it is to be encouraged because of its purpose, which is edification, exhortation, comfort, and strengthening (1 Cor 14:3; Acts 15:32). This is especially the case as compared with un-interpreted tongues, which does not edify (1 Cor 14). The Thessalonians are told not to despise prophecy but to examine the words of the one prophesying and to cling to the good (1 Thess 5:19-22). Those who have the gift of prophecy need to understand the weight that comes with speaking a prophetic utterance, and know that it is not their ability but comes from God (1 Peter 4:11).
- God could use visions or dreams to reveal things to those with the gift of prophecy (Acts 2:17 cf. Joel 2:28-32).
- NT prophecy would sometimes involve predictions about the future (Acts 11:28; 21:11).
- The revelation to a NT prophet is from God, but the reporting of the prophecy is from the person with the gift of prophecy. God reveals truth to the NT prophet but does not necessarily superintend the words of the prophet to the point where you could say that the words were God breathed in a way that would be on par with Scripture. Those who wrote God’s very words in the NT are referred to as Apostles (2 Peter 3:2, 14-16; Gal 1:11-12; 1 Thess 2:13; 4:1-8, 15) and not prophets. To claim authority, Paul and Peter did not claim the title of prophet, but rather Apostle (Gal 1:1; Rom 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1-2; 2 Cor 1:1; 12:1-2; Eph 1:1; 1 Peter 1:1). Paul claimed authority greater than the prophets of Corinth (1 Cor 14:37-39).
- The test of whether a prophecy is from God or not in the NT is not whether or not it comes true or conveys supernatural information, but whether or not it aligns with Scripture (Matt 24:24; 1 John 4:1-6). Scripture has a higher level of authority than the prophecy (1 Thess 5:19-21). Scripture was the final source of correction and guidance and not the words of the prophets within the churches (2 Tim 2:15; 3:16). The words of those with the gift of prophecy were also to be tested and weighed by others with the gift of prophecy (1 Cor 14:29-33).
- An example of prophecy could be that God revealed to the person with the gift of prophecy that a man was planning on abandoning his family, and so the prophet tells the person that he believes God has placed a word on his heart to tell him not to abandon his family. The person with the gift of prophecy is not adding anything to Scripture. If the person with the gift of prophecy were to say the reverse and say that God told him to abandon his family, then that could be checked against Scripture and shown to be not from God. The fact that the man would hear those words when there was no way for the prophet to know his personal situation could have an important impact on his life, and be a sign to both believers and not-yet-believers (1 Cor 14:23).
- Prophecy is to be desired (1 Cor 14:1, 5, 24, 25, 39), and it is to be encouraged because of its purpose, which is edification, exhortation, comfort, and strengthening (1 Cor 14:3; Acts 15:32). This is especially the case as compared with un-interpreted tongues, which does not edify (1 Cor 14). The Thessalonians are told not to despise prophecy but to examine the words of the one prophesying and to cling to the good (1 Thess 5:19-22). Those who have the gift of prophecy need to understand the weight that comes with speaking a prophetic utterance, and know that it is not their ability but comes from God (1 Peter 4:11).
(7) Discerning (distinguishing) spirits
(7) DISCERNING (DISTINGUISHING) SPIRITS (1 Cor 12:8-10) – The ability to discern truth from error, including whether it is the Spirit of God or a demonic spirit at work in a person or situation.
- Someone with this gift has an understanding of when something deviates from the truth of Scripture (1 John 4:1-6, 1 Cor 12:2-3).
- Someone with this gift may have a better sense for whether someone’s wrong doctrine comes from ignorance or whether it comes from an evil spirit. Prophecies were to be checked (1 Cor 14:29). Presumably, when a prophet was in error, some were genuine but mistaken while others were false prophets.
- There are occasions when truth is spoken by evil spirits (Acts 16:16-18), and so special discernment is needed.
- This discernment comes with practice and training (Heb 5:14).
- Wisdom for discernment comes from God through the Spirit (1 Cor 2).
- One way to tell if a person knows God is by his fruit (1 John 3:4-10).
- Discernment is important (Phil 1:9) because false spirits and wrong doctrine can lead people astray (1 Tim 4:1).
- Someone with this gift has an understanding of when something deviates from the truth of Scripture (1 John 4:1-6, 1 Cor 12:2-3).
- Someone with this gift may have a better sense for whether someone’s wrong doctrine comes from ignorance or whether it comes from an evil spirit. Prophecies were to be checked (1 Cor 14:29). Presumably, when a prophet was in error, some were genuine but mistaken while others were false prophets.
- There are occasions when truth is spoken by evil spirits (Acts 16:16-18), and so special discernment is needed.
- This discernment comes with practice and training (Heb 5:14).
- Wisdom for discernment comes from God through the Spirit (1 Cor 2).
- One way to tell if a person knows God is by his fruit (1 John 3:4-10).
- Discernment is important (Phil 1:9) because false spirits and wrong doctrine can lead people astray (1 Tim 4:1).
(8) Kinds of tongues
(8) KINDS OF TONGUES (1 Cor 12:8-10, 28) - Speaking in ‘tongues’ (or ‘languages’) is a gift of the Holy Spirit enabling a person to speak in a language (earthly or heavenly) that they have not learned.
- The gift was sometimes displayed right after receiving the Spirit (Acts 2:4; 10:45-46; 19:6).
- At Pentecost the tongues spoken were apparently unlearned yet known languages. The reason to believe this, is that the miracle was with the speaker, not the hearer (Acts 2:4). The miracle was that those who had received the Spirit were speaking in the languages of those who had not yet received the Holy Spirit. This is the only way that the people could hear the speaking in their own languages (Acts 2:6). The symbolism of this was profound as the gospel was being proclaimed in the language of many nations, and it showed that the witness about Christ would begin in Jerusalem but spread to all Judea and Samaria and even to the ends of the earth (Acts 1:8).
- Tongues can be the language of angels (1 Cor 13:1).
- Tongues can be a different prayer language (1 Cor 14:2, 14-15; Rom 8:26-27?).
- Tongues is directed at God, whereas prophecy is directed at man (1 Cor 14:2, 28).
- Tongues is a sign to unbelievers (1 Cor 14:22).
- Tongues should be done in order (1 Cor 14:27).
- Tongues should not be done without interpretation in a church (1 Cor 14:27-28).
- Not all speak in tongues (1 Cor 12:30).
- Tongues should not be forbidden (1 Cor 14:39).
- The gift was sometimes displayed right after receiving the Spirit (Acts 2:4; 10:45-46; 19:6).
- At Pentecost the tongues spoken were apparently unlearned yet known languages. The reason to believe this, is that the miracle was with the speaker, not the hearer (Acts 2:4). The miracle was that those who had received the Spirit were speaking in the languages of those who had not yet received the Holy Spirit. This is the only way that the people could hear the speaking in their own languages (Acts 2:6). The symbolism of this was profound as the gospel was being proclaimed in the language of many nations, and it showed that the witness about Christ would begin in Jerusalem but spread to all Judea and Samaria and even to the ends of the earth (Acts 1:8).
- Tongues can be the language of angels (1 Cor 13:1).
- Tongues can be a different prayer language (1 Cor 14:2, 14-15; Rom 8:26-27?).
- Tongues is directed at God, whereas prophecy is directed at man (1 Cor 14:2, 28).
- Tongues is a sign to unbelievers (1 Cor 14:22).
- Tongues should be done in order (1 Cor 14:27).
- Tongues should not be done without interpretation in a church (1 Cor 14:27-28).
- Not all speak in tongues (1 Cor 12:30).
- Tongues should not be forbidden (1 Cor 14:39).
(9) Interpreting (translating) tongues
(9) INTERPRETING (TRANSLATING) TONGUES (1 Cor 12:8-10, 30) – The ability to translate and make clear the meaning of someone speaking in tongues.
- Tongues should be interpreted by the speaker or another person with the gift of interpretation (1 Cor. 14:5, 26–28).
- The one who speaks in tongues may or may not have the gift of interpretation (1 Cor 14:13).
- Interpretation is necessary so that the church can be edified (1 Cor 14:5).
- Tongues should be interpreted by the speaker or another person with the gift of interpretation (1 Cor. 14:5, 26–28).
- The one who speaks in tongues may or may not have the gift of interpretation (1 Cor 14:13).
- Interpretation is necessary so that the church can be edified (1 Cor 14:5).
(10) Apostles
(10) APOSTLES (1 Cor 12:28; Eph 4:11) – A messenger commissioned by Jesus for a special purpose.
- In the NT the term is used mainly regarding the office of an Apostle, but it is also used a few times in a more general sense as ‘messenger’ (Phil 2:25; 2 Cor 8:23; John 13:16).
- Jesus is referred to as an apostle or ‘sent one’ (Heb 3:1).
- The 1 Corinthians 12:28 reference seems to be referring to the office of Apostle.
- The qualifications of holding the office of an Apostle seem to be having seen the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor 9:1), and having been commissioned by the Lord (Luke 6:13; Acts 9:15-16).
- There were 12 original Apostles (Matt 10:1-2; Mark 6:30; Luke: 6:12-13; 9:10; 22:14; 24:10). After Judas’ departure Matthias was given his place to round out the 12 (Acts 1:23-26). There were a select few others who were also Apostles, James (Gal 1:19 cf. 1 Cor 15:7), Barnabas (Acts 14:14; 1 Cor 9:6), and possibly Andronicus and Junia (Rom 16:7). Finally Paul was an Apostle. He saw the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor 9:1; 15:8), and was personally commissioned by him (Rom 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1; 2 Cor 13:10 Gal 1:1; 15). Paul was the last one to see Jesus and was likely the final Apostle (1 Cor 15:5-9). Paul and Barnabas were Apostles to the Gentiles (Gal 2:7-9).
- The office of Apostle was a foundational role (Eph 2:20 cf. 3:5), especially the Twelve and Paul. The Apostles names will be written on the twelve foundation stones (Rev 21:14).
- In the NT the term is used mainly regarding the office of an Apostle, but it is also used a few times in a more general sense as ‘messenger’ (Phil 2:25; 2 Cor 8:23; John 13:16).
- Jesus is referred to as an apostle or ‘sent one’ (Heb 3:1).
- The 1 Corinthians 12:28 reference seems to be referring to the office of Apostle.
- The qualifications of holding the office of an Apostle seem to be having seen the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor 9:1), and having been commissioned by the Lord (Luke 6:13; Acts 9:15-16).
- There were 12 original Apostles (Matt 10:1-2; Mark 6:30; Luke: 6:12-13; 9:10; 22:14; 24:10). After Judas’ departure Matthias was given his place to round out the 12 (Acts 1:23-26). There were a select few others who were also Apostles, James (Gal 1:19 cf. 1 Cor 15:7), Barnabas (Acts 14:14; 1 Cor 9:6), and possibly Andronicus and Junia (Rom 16:7). Finally Paul was an Apostle. He saw the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor 9:1; 15:8), and was personally commissioned by him (Rom 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1; 2 Cor 13:10 Gal 1:1; 15). Paul was the last one to see Jesus and was likely the final Apostle (1 Cor 15:5-9). Paul and Barnabas were Apostles to the Gentiles (Gal 2:7-9).
- The office of Apostle was a foundational role (Eph 2:20 cf. 3:5), especially the Twelve and Paul. The Apostles names will be written on the twelve foundation stones (Rev 21:14).
DID THE OFFICE OF APOSTLE EXTEND PAST THE FIRST CENTURY?
- If seeing the resurrected Jesus and being personally commissioned by Him are indeed qualifications of an Apostle, then there have been no Apostles beyond the first century.
- Not one early church father, nor any of the great figures of the Reformation, took the title of Apostle for themselves.
- Since there does not seem to be a definitive all-encompassing list of Spiritual gifts in the New Testament, it would seem better to refer to a present day missionary or church planter as having the gift of evangelism and/or church planting, as apposed to the gift of apostleship.
- Not one early church father, nor any of the great figures of the Reformation, took the title of Apostle for themselves.
- Since there does not seem to be a definitive all-encompassing list of Spiritual gifts in the New Testament, it would seem better to refer to a present day missionary or church planter as having the gift of evangelism and/or church planting, as apposed to the gift of apostleship.
(11) Teachers
(11) TEACHERS (1 Cor 12:28; Rom 12:6-8) – The ability to properly teach the OT (Acts 17:2), the teachings of Jesus (Acts 15:35; Matt 28:19-20), and those of the Apostles (1 Cor 15:3; 2 Peter 3:14-16).
- The gift of teaching was closely associated with that of a pastor (Eph 4:11). It is the pastor’s job to protect the flock by teaching the truth (Acts 20:28-31; 2 Tim 2:15).
- Those who teach are to disciple and train others to teach also (2 Tim 2:2).
- Not all are teachers or should presume to be (James 3:1).
- The gift of teaching was closely associated with that of a pastor (Eph 4:11). It is the pastor’s job to protect the flock by teaching the truth (Acts 20:28-31; 2 Tim 2:15).
- Those who teach are to disciple and train others to teach also (2 Tim 2:2).
- Not all are teachers or should presume to be (James 3:1).
(12) Helps/service
(12) HELPS/SERVICE (1 Cor 12:28; Rom 12:6-8; 1 Peter 4:11) - To do whatever is needed to support the work of the church and the body of believers.
- This Greek word is used in its verb form in Acts 20:35 regarding working hard in order to “help” the weak.
- This may refer to a deacon-type role (see Acts 6:1-7).
- Serving is done with the strength God provides so that God is glorified through Christ (1 Peter 4:11).
- This Greek word is used in its verb form in Acts 20:35 regarding working hard in order to “help” the weak.
- This may refer to a deacon-type role (see Acts 6:1-7).
- Serving is done with the strength God provides so that God is glorified through Christ (1 Peter 4:11).
(13) Administrations/governments
(13) ADMINISTRATIONS/GOVERNMENTS (1 Cor 12:28) - The special ability to guide the church body, especially through rough waters/difficult circumstances.
- The Greek word describes steering or piloting a ship (see Acts 27:11; Rev 18:17).
- If ‘helps’ speaks of a deacon-like role or gift then perhaps ‘administrations’ refers to an elder-like role or gift.
- The Greek word describes steering or piloting a ship (see Acts 27:11; Rev 18:17).
- If ‘helps’ speaks of a deacon-like role or gift then perhaps ‘administrations’ refers to an elder-like role or gift.
(14) Exhortation/encouragement
(14) EXHORTATION/ENCOURAGEMENT (Rom 12:6-8) - The special ability to encourage (Acts 4:36 cf. 9:27; 11:23; 15:31; Rom 15:4-5) and exhort (Acts 13:15; 1 Thess 2:3; Heb 13:22) fellow members of the body of Christ.
- This word (parakaleo) is associated with the Holy Spirit (Acts 9:31; John 14:16, 26).
- Exercising this gift can be the antidote to suffering (2 Cor 1:4,7).
- This word (parakaleo) is associated with the Holy Spirit (Acts 9:31; John 14:16, 26).
- Exercising this gift can be the antidote to suffering (2 Cor 1:4,7).
(15) Giving
(15) GIVING (Rom 12:6-8) – all believers are called to give time and resources to the work of the Lord, but some have a special gift to give above and beyond.
- Supplying the needs of others with liberty/generously. It can be translated as giving with single mindedness or without ulterior motive (2 Cor 9:7, 13).
- This is not just for the rich. Many Philippians seem to have had this gift even though they did not have a lot of resources (Phil 4:10-19).
- Supplying the needs of others with liberty/generously. It can be translated as giving with single mindedness or without ulterior motive (2 Cor 9:7, 13).
- This is not just for the rich. Many Philippians seem to have had this gift even though they did not have a lot of resources (Phil 4:10-19).
(16) Leading
(16) LEADING (Rom 12:6-8) – Working hard to Lead with diligence, eagerness, or earnestness (1 Thess 5:12).
- This seems to be similar to (13) “administrations” above.
- This seems to be similar to (13) “administrations” above.
(17) Mercy
(17) MERCY (Rom 12:6-8) - Caring for and helping those who are in need with cheerfulness.
(18) Evangelists
(18) EVANGELISTS (Eph 4:11) - Proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ.
- Evangelism can include follow up and the establishment of a congregation (2 Tim 4:5). Paul’s words to Timothy are in the context of a congregation that already exists. Holding onto the true gospel and making sure that it is proclaimed in the face of false teaching is part of evangelism.
- Philip was an evangelist (Acts 21:8). He preached the Word wherever he went and proclaimed about the Messiah, the good news of the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus (Acts 8:4-5, 12). The results were belief in Jesus and subsequently baptism (Acts 8:12). From the story of Philip and the Ethiopian, we learn that it is important to be sensitive to the Holy Spirit and be able to explain Scripture, especially as it relates to Christ and salvation (Acts 8:26-39).
- Evangelism can mean going from city to city and breaking into uncharted territory (Acts 8:40; Rom 15:20-21).
- Evangelism can include follow up and the establishment of a congregation (2 Tim 4:5). Paul’s words to Timothy are in the context of a congregation that already exists. Holding onto the true gospel and making sure that it is proclaimed in the face of false teaching is part of evangelism.
- Philip was an evangelist (Acts 21:8). He preached the Word wherever he went and proclaimed about the Messiah, the good news of the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus (Acts 8:4-5, 12). The results were belief in Jesus and subsequently baptism (Acts 8:12). From the story of Philip and the Ethiopian, we learn that it is important to be sensitive to the Holy Spirit and be able to explain Scripture, especially as it relates to Christ and salvation (Acts 8:26-39).
- Evangelism can mean going from city to city and breaking into uncharted territory (Acts 8:40; Rom 15:20-21).
(19) Pastors and teachers
(19) PASTORS AND TEACHERS (Eph 4:11) - The pastor and teacher is to equip the rest of the body to minister so that the whole body of Christ would be built up to maturity, service, and knowledge of sound doctrine (Eph 4:11-16).
- The term ‘pastor’ means shepherd. OT leaders were supposed to act as shepherds (2 Sam 5:2 cf. Ps 78:70-72; Jer 23:1-4; Ez 34). God is described as a Shepherd (Gen 49:24; Ps. 23:1; 80:1; Ez 34:11) and Jesus as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11-18; Heb 13:20; 1 Pet 2:25; 5:4). Pastors are under-shepherds who are called to shepherd God’s flock (Acts 20:28-31; 1 Pet 5:1-5 cf. John 21:16). Shepherding means to care for God’s people, to make sure that they are spiritually fed and protected.
- See also (11) above.
- The term ‘pastor’ means shepherd. OT leaders were supposed to act as shepherds (2 Sam 5:2 cf. Ps 78:70-72; Jer 23:1-4; Ez 34). God is described as a Shepherd (Gen 49:24; Ps. 23:1; 80:1; Ez 34:11) and Jesus as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11-18; Heb 13:20; 1 Pet 2:25; 5:4). Pastors are under-shepherds who are called to shepherd God’s flock (Acts 20:28-31; 1 Pet 5:1-5 cf. John 21:16). Shepherding means to care for God’s people, to make sure that they are spiritually fed and protected.
- See also (11) above.
Baptism of the Spirit
BAPTISM OF THE SPIRIT – the Spirit comes upon believers at the moment of salvation and applies the redemption that was earned by Christ.
- Jesus is the baptizer, sending the Spirit and baptizing the believer with the Spirit (Matt 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16; John 1:33; Acts 1:5; Acts 2:32-33).
- All believers are baptized with the Spirit (1 Cor 12:12-13; Gal 3:24-28 cf. Romans 8:9).
- Under normal circumstances, initial faith in Jesus brings about the baptism of the Spirit (Acts 2:38; Gal 3:2-3).
- Jesus is the baptizer, sending the Spirit and baptizing the believer with the Spirit (Matt 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16; John 1:33; Acts 1:5; Acts 2:32-33).
- All believers are baptized with the Spirit (1 Cor 12:12-13; Gal 3:24-28 cf. Romans 8:9).
- Under normal circumstances, initial faith in Jesus brings about the baptism of the Spirit (Acts 2:38; Gal 3:2-3).
IF BAPTISM OF THE SPIRIT NOW HAPPENS TO ALL BELIEVERS AT THE MOMENT OF SALVATION, WHY DID IT OCCUR AFTER SALVATION IN CERTAIN CASES IN ACTS?
- Some say that Spirit baptism is a second event subsequent to salvation that believers are to wait for (Acts 1:4-5, 8 cf. Act 2:1-11). What occurred in this case early in Acts, however, seems to be a unique event. Jesus needed to go to heaven and be glorified prior to sending the Spirit to indwell believers (John 16:7; 7:39).
- Some say that Spirit baptism is a second event subsequent to salvation that comes with the laying on of hands (Acts 8:14-20; 19:1-6). There are reasons, however, it might have happened that way in a couple of cases in Acts, but not be normative. The normal situation is that the reception/baptism of Holy Spirit occurs at the time of repentance and belief (Acts 2:38; 10:44-48). Acts 8 describes the gospel first reaching the Samaritans. The laying on of hands by Peter and John would have acted as a stamp of approval on the movement of the gospel beyond the Jews and Judea. It made clear that the same Spirit inhabits both Jews and Samaritans. In the Acts 19 case, the people did not yet receive the Spirit because they had not yet heard the gospel of Jesus, but had only known the baptism of John.
- Some say that Spirit baptism is a second event subsequent to salvation that comes with the laying on of hands (Acts 8:14-20; 19:1-6). There are reasons, however, it might have happened that way in a couple of cases in Acts, but not be normative. The normal situation is that the reception/baptism of Holy Spirit occurs at the time of repentance and belief (Acts 2:38; 10:44-48). Acts 8 describes the gospel first reaching the Samaritans. The laying on of hands by Peter and John would have acted as a stamp of approval on the movement of the gospel beyond the Jews and Judea. It made clear that the same Spirit inhabits both Jews and Samaritans. In the Acts 19 case, the people did not yet receive the Spirit because they had not yet heard the gospel of Jesus, but had only known the baptism of John.
DOES SPEAKING IN TONGUES ALWAYS ACCOMPANY BAPTISM OF THE SPIRIT?
- Some say that based on a few passages (Acts 2:1-11; 10:46; 19:1-6), speaking in tongues must accompany the baptism of the Holy Spirit. There is another explanation, however, for speaking in tongues often accompanying the baptism of the Spirit in Acts. The baptism of the Spirit always results in the bestowal of spiritual gifts. In the cases in Acts where it was important to show immediately that the baptism of the Spirit had occurred on an individual or among a group, it would make sense that the gift given would be the gift of tongues since that is something that could immediately be recognized. Had they received the gift of teaching, giving, or serving, for instance, it would be hard to immediately recognize that the baptism of the Spirit had occurred. There were certain situations where it was important that there be an immediate visible sign of the salvation that occurred, and tongues would accomplish that better than any other gift. In general, however, the Bible implies that not all believers speak in tongues (1 Cor 12:30), even though all are baptized by the Spirit (1 Cor 12:13).
IS THE BAPTISM OF THE SPIRIT THE SAME AS THE FILLING OF THE SPIRIT?
- All believers are baptized by the Spirit, but it seems that not all believers are always filled with the Spirit. Being filled with the Spirit empowers believers for particular tasks including boldly proclaiming the gospel (Acts 4:8, 31; 7:55; 13:52; Eph 5:15-21). Note that in the NT being filled with the Spirit never results in something like being “slain” in the Spirit, or shaking, or laughing uncontrollably; one of the fruits of the Spirit is self-control. Being filled with the Spirit means standing up and proclaiming the gospel, not falling down like a felled tree.
- The fact that believers can grieve the Spirit (Eph 4:30) and are called to keep in step with the Spirit (Gal 5:25) seems to give support to the idea that believers are always indwelt but perhaps not always completely filled with the Spirit.
- The fact that believers can grieve the Spirit (Eph 4:30) and are called to keep in step with the Spirit (Gal 5:25) seems to give support to the idea that believers are always indwelt but perhaps not always completely filled with the Spirit.
Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit
BLASPHEMY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT (Matt 12:31-32; Mark 3:29-30; Luke 12:10) - Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit is the only unforgivable sin and seems to be attributing the clear operation of the Holy Spirit to evil spirits instead and thus rejecting Jesus after being convinced by the Spirit of the truth of the gospel.
- It is possible to be forgiven for blaspheming Jesus if it was done in ignorance, perhaps knowing the gospel, but not yet having been convinced of its truthfulness.
- The writer of Hebrews warns against something that is not explicitly said to be blasphemy of the Spirit but could be viewed as such (Heb 6:4-6; 10:26-31 cf. 10:39; see also Heb 2:3-4).
- It is possible to be forgiven for blaspheming Jesus if it was done in ignorance, perhaps knowing the gospel, but not yet having been convinced of its truthfulness.
- The writer of Hebrews warns against something that is not explicitly said to be blasphemy of the Spirit but could be viewed as such (Heb 6:4-6; 10:26-31 cf. 10:39; see also Heb 2:3-4).
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